An official publication of Gujarat Adani Institute of Medical Sciences Published by: Gujarat Adani Institute of Medical Sciences G K General Hospital Opposite Lotus Colony Bhuj, Kachchh, Gujarat – 370001
Gujarat Adani Institute of Medical Sciences
A Study of the Influence and Effectiveness of an Innovative Gharana Mentorship House System on Undergraduate Medical Students
Background: Mentorship is an important educational strategy to foster academic success, personal wellbeing and professional development in undergraduate medical students. As group mentoring holds immense potential in medical education, the Gharana Mentorship House System, inspired by house mentorship models in schools, was implemented for the first time at Gujarat Adani Institute of Medical Sciences (GAIMS), Bhuj, India, to enhance mentorship for undergraduate students. Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of a new concept of Gharana mentorship house system program for undergraduate students at GAIMS, Bhuj. Objectives: a) To assess the perception of mentees and mentors about the program. B) To assess academic performance and attendance of students to measure effectiveness of Gharana Program. C) To identify the strengths and challenges of this mentorship program Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at GAIMS where the Gharana Mentorship House system was introduced. Data was collected from volunteer mentors and mentees using validated semi structured Google questionnaires containing both open and closed ended questions. Attendance records and marks obtained in exams were procured from academic records Results: 230 mentees and 30 mentors volunteered to participate in the study. Quantitative analysis revealed statistically significant association in improvement of students’ attendance and academic performance (p < 0.0001). Quantitative analysis of perception of both mentors and mentees was positive. Mentees expressed that this program had provided them with both professional and personal support. Most mentors agreed that the program was running as planned, there was no additional burden on them, and that they were motivated to volunteer for future mentoring. Qualitative themes highlighted the challenges, valuable insights and experiences of mentors from the mentor mentee relationship Conclusion: The Gharana Mentorship House System is an innovative and effective model of mentorship which combines traditional values with modern concepts to enhance mentorship quality and student outcomes in undergraduate medical education.
Copyright (c) 2025 Devika Bhat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Morbidity Pattern Among Children Aged 3 to 6 Years Residing in an Urban Slum: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Children residing in urban slums face a wide range of health problems such as malnutrition, respiratory infections, and gastrointestinal problems. These health problems are driven by factors like poor sanitation, polluted water, limited access to the health care services, lack of proper nutrition and environmental hazards. These issues contribute to poor physical and cognitive development and increased morbidity among the children. The objective of this study was to observe the morbidity and its socio-demographic determinants among slum children. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among children residing in an urban slum in Thane in January 2025 using complete enumeration technique. All the children aged 3 to 6 years residing in a defined urban slum were included in the study. Thorough clinical examination of the subjects was performed through house-to-house survey. Socio-demographic data and clinical examination findings were recorded in the proforma. Data was entered in Microsoft excel and statistically analyzed. Chi-square test was applied. Results: Total 159 children were examined. 51.57% were females and 48.43% were males. 59.12% subjects had morbidity. Respiratory problems were the most frequent (44.03%). Morbidity did not show any statistically significant association with gender, age, religion, or class. It was slightly higher among males (59.74%), and among children aged 3-4 years (61.82%). Also, it was higher among Hindu children (64.29%). Across classes, morbidity was most common in Junior Kindergarten (71.43%), followed by Nursery (52.83%) and Senior Kindergarten (52.00%) (p>0.05). Conclusion: Understanding and addressing children’s health in slum settings should be a priority for the health care services.
Copyright (c) 2026 Namrata Vijay Kulkarni, Ravindra Balaram Gurav, Amit Yadav https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Understanding Cervical Cancer Prevention and Practice of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination: A Study Among Medical Students of Ahmedabad
Background: Early HPV vaccination can significantly reduce the burden of cervical cancer, yet most of India’s population remains unprotected. Medical students, as future healthcare advocates, are key to improving HPV vaccination through their awareness and practice. This study aims to assess the socio-demographic profile of participants, measure their awareness about cervical cancer and its prevention, vaccination status, and to correlate these findings with socio-demographic details. Material and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 181 medical students of Ahmedabad using a standardized, validated questionnaire consisting of open ended, Yes/No/Don’t know and MCQ questions. Statistical analysis was performed and appropriate tests were applied. Results: The study included 128 females (70.7%) and 53 males (29.3% ) with a mean age of 19.85 ± 1.60 years. While 82.3% identified cervical cancer as a leading cause of death among women, only 56.9% were aware that HPV affects both genders. Although 77.3% were aware of the HPV vaccine, correct knowledge about the recommended age group and dose schedule was low (14.9% and 5.5%respectively). Only 43 students (23.75%) were vaccinated with significantly more females being vaccinated (z = 2.5297, p = 0.0114). Among unvaccinated participants, the major barriers to HPV vaccination included lack of knowledge (31.15%), limited access to vaccine (10%), and lack of motivation (6.52%). Conclusion: Although awareness about HPV infection and cervical cancer among medical students is good, there is a lack of awareness and knowledge about prevention of cervical cancer. Practice of HPV vaccination among medical students was found to be low.
Copyright (c) 2026 Richa Gupta, Sheetal Shrimali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Decoding the Triglyceride/HDL-C Ratio: A Marker for Type-2 Diabetes Risk
Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common endocrine disorder worldwide. Beyond the established markers of glycemic control and insulin resistance (IR), there remains a need for reliable, accessible, and reproducible indicators. To address this, our study evaluated the triglyceride to HDL cholesterol ratio (THR) as a potential marker for insulin resistance and glycemic regulation. Materials and methods: We retrospectively analyzed TG, fasting serum glucose (FSG), and fasting insulin levels from 953 samples processed between March and August 2024. Based on homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) values, patients were categorized into two groups: good versus poor glycemic control. The discriminatory power of the triglyceride-to-HDL cholesterol ratio (THR) for differentiating these groups was evaluated using Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, with statistical significance set at p<0.05. Furthermore, multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed. Results: The mean age of participants was 40.83 ± 16.78 years. Significant differences (p<0.001) were observed between patients with good and poor glycemic control in gender, FSG, HOMA-IR, FI, TG, and THR, but not in age (p=0.613). Pairwise correlation showed THR had a moderate negative correlation with HDL (r=-0.555, p<0.001) and a strong positive correlation with TG (r=0.959, p<0.001). With a cutoff value of ≥2.64, THR demonstrated high selectivity and positive predictive value (PPV) (AUC=0.72; Se=65%; Sp=70%; p<0.001; 95% CI: 0.66–0.78). Men were 2.247 times more likely than women to exhibit poor glycemic control (p=0.022). The risk of poor control increased by 1.045-fold with age and 1.056-fold with glucose (p=0.007). Conclusion: Based on our findings, the THR appears to be a promising marker for assessing glycemic control and insulin resistance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Asha Gupta, Dinesh Kumar Sharma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Isolated Breast Hydatid Cyst: A Rare Case Report
Echinococcosis, caused by Echinococcus granulosus, is a significant yet uncommon zoonotic disease. Humans become infected by eating food contaminated with dog feces or by coming into close contact with animals; the liver and lungs are usually affected. Nevertheless, breast hydatid cysts are extremely uncommon, making for only 0.27% of all occurrences. This report describes the case of a 37-year-old woman who had been experiencing pain and swelling in her right breast for six months.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rutu B Chapla, Pankti D Panchal, Asha D Halpati, Hardik K Bhavsar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Distribution of ABO and Rhesus (Rh) Blood Groups among Voluntary Donors in Kachchh Gujarat
Background: The ABO and Rh blood group systems are the most important blood group systems in Transfusion Medicine. This study was carried out with an objective to study the distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups among voluntary blood donors in Western Gujarat, India which is essential for effective management of blood inventory. Material and methods: The present retrospective study was carried out at GKGH Blood centre. The data of present study is from 01/01/2024 TO 31/12/2024. Total 19355 voluntary blood donors were considered medically fit and accepted for blood donation. ABO and Rh typing were done by Complete Grouping Card method by Tulip matrix, both forward and reverse blood grouping after validation at blood centre. Results: Out of 11,013 blood donors O blood group was most common (3520-31.96%) and the least blood group was AB Blood group (70-0.63%). There were more Rh-Positive blood donors as compared to Rh Negative blood donors. Conclusion: The most common blood group among voluntary donors was O positive and least common blood group was AB negative.
Copyright (c) 2025 Saniyah Godar, Suman Khoja https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Histopathological Spectrum of Salivary Gland Tumors and Tumor-like Conditions: A Retrospective Study at a Tertiary Care Centre
Background: Salivary gland lesions represent a broad and heterogeneous spectrum of both neoplastic and non-neoplastic pathologies. These conditions frequently exhibit significant overlapping histo-morphological patterns, which present considerable diagnostic challenges for pathologists. Definitive characterization of these lesions relies primarily on comprehensive histopathological examination, judiciously supplemented by immunohistochemistry (IHC) to achieve accurate subtyping and to facilitate precise prognostic stratification. Aims and Objectives: This study was meticulously designed with two primary objectives: first, to systematically delineate the histopathological spectrum of salivary gland tumors and tumor-like conditions that are routinely encountered at a major tertiary care referral center. Second, a crucial aim was to critically evaluate the diagnostic yield of fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and to assess the role of IHC in establishing definitive and accurate diagnoses for these complex lesions. Materials and Methods: A total of fifty-one salivary gland specimens were meticulously subjected to retrospective review. Comprehensive data retrieved from departmental archives. Final diagnoses were stratified into three distinct categories: benign tumors, malignant tumors, and tumor-like or non-neoplastic conditions. FNAC reports were subsequently compared with the histopathological outcomes to compute key diagnostic performance metrics, including sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and overall accuracy. Results: The study cohort comprised 51 patients, consisting of 29 males and 22 females, which yielded a male-to-female ratio of 1.3:1. The mean age of the cohort was determined to be 43.2. The parotid gland was the most commonly involved anatomical site (80.4%), followed by submandibular gland (11.8%) and minor salivary glands (2%). Benign tumors constituted 45.1% of all cases, while malignant tumors accounted for 19.6%, and tumor-like lesions represented 35.3%. Pleomorphic adenoma (35.3%) emerged as the most frequent benign tumor, with Warthin tumor (7.8%) being the second most common. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (5.9%) was the most common malignancy. Tumor-like conditions, primarily constituted chronic sialadenitis (17.6%). FNAC demonstrated 86.7% diagnostic accuracy, with 100% specificity but only 33.3% sensitivity for malignancy (n=30). Selective IHC, including markers like DOG-1 and SOX10, provided crucial diagnostic information, and the Ki-67 index ranged from 3-10%. Conclusion: Benign tumors, particularly pleomorphic adenoma, unequivocally predominated within this series, with mucoepidermoid carcinoma identified as the most frequently encountered malignancy. FNAC consistently demonstrated excellent specificity but exhibited notable limitations in sensitivity for malignancy detection. Consequently, the judicious and problem-oriented application of IHC substantially enhanced diagnostic accuracy in cases presenting with morphologically ambiguous lesions, highlighting its indispensable role in definitive diagnosis.
Copyright (c) 2026 S Preetha, R Hemapriya, P Priyadharshini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Influence of Magnesium on Blood Glucose Control
Background: Magnesium acts as a cofactor in glucose phosphorylation and numerous other enzymatic reactions. Its deficiency may contribute to insulin resistance, carbohydrate intolerance, and dyslipidemia. Reduced serum magnesium levels have been linked to the development of diabetic complications, including retinopathy, altered platelet function, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension. The present study aimed to examine the association between serum magnesium levels and glucose regulation. Materials and methods: Data from 256 patients who underwent serum testing for glucose, magnesium, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin, and lipid profile between May 2024 and June 2025 were retrospectively analyzed. Based on glucose and HbA1c values defined by the 2017 American Diabetes Association guidelines, participants were categorized into three groups: non-diabetic, prediabetic, and diabetic. Intergroup comparisons were conducted using the Kruskal–Wallis H test and the Mann–Whitney U test. Results: Among the participants, 137 were nondiabetic, 85 were prediabetic, and 34 were diabetic, with median ages (range) of 40 years (24–55), 45 years (35–58), and 48 years (30–57), respectively. Magnesium levels differed significantly between the nondiabetic and diabetic groups, as well as between the prediabetic and diabetic groups (both p<0.001). However, no significant difference was observed between the nondiabetic and prediabetic groups. Patients with insulin resistance (HOMA-IR ≥2.5) had significantly lower magnesium levels (p=0.020). Furthermore, serum magnesium showed a significant negative correlation with glucose (r=–0.244, p<0.001), HbA1c (r=–0.332, p<0.001), and HOMA-IR values (r=–0.162, p=0.010). Conclusion: Magnesium serves as a cofactor for several enzymes involved in carbohydrate oxidation and is essential for glucose transport across the cell membrane. This study found that reduced magnesium levels adversely influenced glucose regulation. Incorporating magnesium-rich foods or providing oral magnesium supplementation may help improve insulin sensitivity in diabetic patients with low serum magnesium.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kiran R Bagale, Dinesh Kumar Sharma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Cribriform Variant of Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Hard Palate: A Case Report
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ADCC) is an uncommon malignant tumor of the salivary glands, often involving the palate. It is notorious for its indolent yet infiltrative behavior, characterized by perineural invasion and late recurrences. Its presentation may overlap with benign odontogenic lesions, creating diagnostic dilemmas. A 40-year-old male presented with a 6-month history of swelling, pain, and tooth mobility in the left maxillary region, accompanied by occasional bleeding. Computed tomography revealed a multilocular hypodense lesion extending from the left maxilla to the palate with bone destruction. Radiological impression suggested an odontogenic tumor. Histopathological examination of an incisional biopsy confirmed adenoid cystic carcinoma, cribriform type. The patient underwent partial maxillectomy with adjuvant radiotherapy. ADCC in the minor salivary glands can radiographically resemble ameloblastoma or other multilocular lesions, leading to potential misdiagnosis. Histopathology remains the cornerstone for diagnosis, grading, and prognosis determination. Radical surgical excision with tumor-free margins combined with postoperative radiotherapy offers the best control. Long-term surveillance is essential due to its unpredictable late metastasis. Palatal lesions with multilocular radiolucency warrant histopathological confirmation before definitive management. Early detection and multidisciplinary treatment planning are vital for improving survival outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bhushan M. Warpe, Shweta S. Joshi, Bhumika M. Siddhpara, Prexa M. Dudhagara https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Risk Profiling and Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a District-Level Population: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: India has emerged as the diabetes capital of the world, a trend largely attributed to rapid industrialization and urbanisation, which have contributed to significant lifestyle changes and an epidemiological transition. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus among people of Gandhinagar District. To identify and analyse the sociodemographic and lifestyle-related risk factors associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the district population. Material and methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among 600 participants selected from each of the four talukas of Gandhinagar, ensuring representation of both rural and urban populations through probability-proportional-to-size sampling. Data were collected using a pretested and predesigned proforma. Information on sociodemographic and behavioural factors, family history, and physical measurements was obtained. Random blood sugar (RBS) levels were measured for all participants; individuals with RBS >200 mg/dL underwent HbA1c testing. Data were analyzed using Excel 2019 and SPSS v27. Results: The prevalence of T2DM was 10.66% (64/600), with 37.5% (24/64) being newly diagnosed. Significant associations were observed with increasing age, reduced physical activity, smoking, and obesity (p<0.05). Insignificant associations were found with gender, socioeconomic status, alcohol consumption, family history of diabetes, or frequency of eating meals outside the home. The highest prevalence was noted in the 46–55 years age group. Dehgam taluka exhibited the highest proportion of undiagnosed cases, which may be attributed to its predominantly rural population. Conclusion: High prevalence of modifiable risk factors, targeted primary prevention strategies are essential to curb the rising burden of T2DM in the region.
Copyright (c) 2026 Karankumar A Desai, Jinal Ben Nogas, Pratik Parekh, Ashadevi H Sisodiya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
A Descriptive Study of Clinical Profile of Fever with Thrombocytopenia at Tertiary Care Centre of Maharashtra
Introduction: Fever is a pervasive and ubiquitous theme in human myth, art and science. Fever is such a common manifestation of illness that it is not surprising to find accurate descriptions of the febrile patients in early-recorded history. A fever rarely comes without other symptoms and sign. It is often accompanied by specific complaints or pattern. Many times, it is associated with low platelet count. The normal platelet count is 150000-450000/ μL. Thrombocytopenia is defined as platelet count less than 150000/ μL. Material and Methods: The present study was prospective observational study conducted on patients, who were admitted at tertiary care hospital in urban setting during Feb 2013 to July 2014. This study conducted at Government medical college and Hospital, Latur. Sample size was 200. Results: The present study, conducted on 200 patients with fever and thrombocytopenia, revealed that the majority of cases occurred in young adults, with 57% belonging to the 15–30 years’ age group and a male predominance (M: F = 2.12:1). Dengue fever (40%) emerged as the leading cause, followed by malaria (33%), while septicemia (8%) was the most common contributor to mortality. Most patients presented with platelet counts less than 50,000/cumm showed bleeding manifestations 34% of cases, predominantly petechiae and purpura (70%). The overall recovery rate was good (96%), with mortality observed in 4% of cases, largely due to septicemia and severe thrombocytopenia (< 20,000/cumm). Conclusion: These findings emphasize that fever with thrombocytopenia is a significant clinical presentation in hospitals, requiring careful evaluation to differentiate between infectious etiologies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Manoj Jagdale, Pralhad Potdar, Darshan Patel, Amitkumar Patil https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Diagnostic Approach to Headache in Otorhinolaryngology: A Systematic Review
Headache is a broad term that encompasses various types of head and neck pain syndromes. It is a ubiquitous symptom that frequently prompts patient presentation to otorhinolaryngology (ENT) clinics. While most headaches are primary headache disorders, a significant proportion can be secondary to underlying pathologies within the head and neck, falling within the purview of ENT specialists. The challenge lies in differentiating benign primary headaches from potentially serious secondary causes. This systematic review aims to synthesize the current literature on the diagnostic approach to headaches in otorhinolaryngology, focusing on the essential elements of history taking, physical examination, specific ENT-related differential diagnoses, appropriate investigations, and the crucial role of red flag identification.
Copyright (c) 2026 Manish Gupta, Monica Gupta, Akanksha Gupta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Prevalence, Clinical Profile and Outcome Predictors in Very Low Birth Weight and Extremely Low Birth Weight Neonates in Tertiary Care Hospital
Background: Neonates with very low birth weight (VLBW) and extremely low birth weight (ELBW) has a much higher chance of experiencing serious health complications or even death. Their results depend on a myriad of newborn and maternal variables. Thus, it is important to assess and treat them specifically. Objective: The goals of this study are to quantify and assess the clinical profile, and to identify factors that are predictive of adverse outcomes of VLBW and ELBW neonates. Methods: This prospective observational research was conducted in the tertiary level neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) from 2022 to 2024. Of the 88 newborns enrolled, information gathered include factors such as birth weight, gestational age, gender, family medical history, prenatal treatment, delivery specifics, clinical trajectory and outcomes. Neonates were treated according to standard treatment guidelines. Results: There was a frequency of 1.10% for VLBW and 0.18% for ELBW. Thrombocytopenia, respiratory distress syndrome, and sepsis were among the most common complications. Results improved when antenatal steroids were used and when ANC visits were sufficient. Comparing ELBW and VLBW infants, the mortality rate was greater in the former (52.94% vs. 23.94%). Low gestational age, pulmonary hemorrhage, DIC, thrombocytopenia, and the requirement for ventilatory support were major indicators of poor prognosis. Conclusion: Neonates born with very low birth weight (VLBW) or extremely low birth weight (ELBW) are at increased risk and should receive intensive prenatal care, the early detection of maternal risk factors, and specialized newborn care. Neonatal intensive care units need to identify factors that can lead to a bad result so that they can allocate resources more wisely and intervene quickly.
VLBW, ELBW, Neonatal Morbidity, Neonatal Mortality, NICU, Gestational Age, ANC, Sepsis, RDS, Neonatal Outcomes
Copyright (c) 2025 Mukundkumar Vaja, Janvi Soni, Dipika Bhil, Jaishree Parmar, Maitri Joshi, Saloni Shah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Correlation of Gestational Age Assessed by Last Menstrual Period, Antenatal Ultrasonography and New Ballard Score
Background: Determining gestational age (GA) significantly influences the prognosis of newborns. Of the various methods available for gestational age assessment, gestational age assessment by first trimester ultrasonography (USG) as the most reliable method gestational and by LMP (last menstrual period), is next best surrogate. In remote areas and rural settings in Low and Middle Income Countries, the reliability of LMP based GA assessment is questionable due to low literacy rates and less awareness among women and USG is not cost effective. In such a scenario, GA assessment by clinical methods like New Ballard Score (NBS) seems an attractive alternative. Hence this study was conducted to compare the reliability of GA assessments by LMP and NBS as compared to 1st trimester ultrasonography in our institute. Methods: This was a prospective study carried out at neonatal intensive care unit of a tertiary care teaching hospital of western Gujarat, India, from August 2022 to July 2023. A total of 200 neonates with mother having first trimester scan and who recalls LMP were recruited for the study. Gestational age according to first trimester scan was calculated and compared with gestational age according to LMP and NBS. Results: Gestational age by UGS with NBS show significant correlation (p value <0.001) Gestational age by LMP with NBS show significant correlation (p value <0.001) Significant correlation was also observed between gestational age accessed by LMP, first trimester USG and NBS (p value <0.001) Gestational age by UGS with NBS which gave a higher correlation (r = 0.886), Correlation among all three gestational age by LMP, USG and NBS which came out to be lower than previous (r =0.545) and at last Correlation amongst gestational age according to LMP and NBS came out to be lowest (r =0.540). Hence, gestational age by USG comes out to be most similar with gestational age by NBS. Conclusions: In low resource settings and in public sector hospitals, GA assessment by NBS is a more reliable option than LMP, and it closely correlates with GA assessed by USG.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maitri Chauhan, Yashvi Dattani, Sandeep Tilwani, Vinisha Makhijani, Shivani Barad, Rekha Thaddanee https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
An Observational Cross-sectional Study to Assess Awareness of Personal Hygiene and Food Safety among Food Handlers In and Nearby Area of Tertiary Care Hospital
Background: Food hygiene and food safety are also major issues worldwide, particularly in developing countries such as India. Significant changes in food production, handling and preparation methods, as well as in the habits of food-eating among people, have made food unsafe. Food handlers are the main contributors to food-borne outbreaks, and food establishments are the main sources of food-borne disease. So, this study assess awareness of personal hygiene and food safety among food handlers in and nearby area of tertiary care hospital. Material and methods: This was an observational analytical cross-sectional study. The study was carried out in surrounding area near tertiary care hospital of Bhuj city and study duration was 3 months. Sample size:193. Results: 36 out of 43 (41.86%) central canteen - mess food handlers, 30 out of 48 (34.88 %) of the restaurants food handlers and 20 out of 98 (23.26%) mobile food handlers had good knowledge of food safety. This study identifies significant gaps in food safety and personal hygiene knowledge among food handlers, particularly among mobile food handlers. Mobile handlers lagged behind in critical hygiene areas such as handwashing, medical check-ups, and food handling practices. Socio-demographic and occupational factors such as younger age, higher education, longer working hours, and possession of food licenses were positively associated with better food safety knowledge.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pralhad Potdar S, Onkar Gaikwad, Jay Joshi, Shraddha A Katariya, Milankumar V Golakiya, Densi M Kakadiya, Bhartiben Kavad, Neel A Patel, Raju D Kodiyatar, Vatsalkumar P Rathod, Sachinkumar Sangada, Vikrambhai G Suthar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
United Against Venom: India's 'One Health' Blueprint for Snakebite Prevention
India's recently launched National Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Snakebite Envenoming (NAPSE) marks a pivotal moment in critical fight against snakebites.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mandar Chandrachood https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Modified Tubularized Incised Plate (TIP) Urethroplasty in Distal Penile Hypospadias - A Tertiary Care Experience
Background: After the advent of the Snodgrass tubularized incised plate (TIP) urethroplasty technique for the correction of distal penile hypospadias and urethroplasty complications like urethrocutaneous fistula, meatal stenosis, and glans flap dehiscence in 2% of cases in the year 1994, it became a popular technique among hypospadias surgeons for the correction of distal penile hypospadias irrespective of the intrinsic clinical parameters. The issue of the thin membranous distal urethra, inadequate urethral plate, small conical glans and associated complications following the TIP procedure are well described. Objectives of the study were to find out the surgical procedure undertaken and the outcomes in distal penile hypospadias in our institute. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study on distal penile hypospadias operated on in the department of plastic surgery of our institute from April 2017 to March 2022. Results: The present study had a total of 96 boys with distal penile hypospadias; ages ranged from 2 years to 26 years, with a mean age of 5.02 years and a standard deviation of 3.47 years. It was found that 84 (87.5%) of cases of distal penile hypospadias were managed with the modified TIP procedure, and 12 (12.5%) cases were managed with Byars' stage procedures. It was found that 64 (66.7%) of the outcomes were uneventful, and in 32 (33.3%) cases, urethroplasty complications were noted, consisting of preputial flap loss in 3.1%, glans flap dehiscence in 9.4%, meatal stenosis in 9.4%, urethrocutaneous fistula in 8.3% of cases, meatal stenosis with fistula in 1%, and urethral stricture in 1 (2.1%) of cases. Conclusion: Tubularized incised plate urethroplasty, or its modified version of including an extra 3mm to 4mm of penile skin lateral to the urethral plate on either side, is found suitable in the majority (87.5%) of the cases of distal penile hypospadias but not all.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pruthwiraj Singh, Tanmaya Mahapatra, Siva Rama Krishna M, Prem Prakash Mallick https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Turn Around Time (TAT): The Critical Link Between Laboratory Testing and Patient Outcome
Background: Turnaround time (TAT) in a clinical biochemistry laboratory refers to the total time taken from when a test is ordered to when the result is reported back to the clinician. The study aims to evaluate the TAT time of the clinical biochemistry lab, assessing the pre-analytical and post-analytical phases' relative contributions to the TAT in comparison to the analytical phase and determining the quantity of samples reported outside the specified TAT. A number of actions that could shorten the turnaround time overall were also assessed. Materials and methods: The study was conducted at GKGH Hospital, Kachchh, a district hospital, to evaluate the turnaround time (TAT) on samples analyzed in the clinical Biochemistry laboratory. In the present study, TAT was evaluated for parameters such as RFT (Renal Function Test), SGPT (Serum glutamate Pyruvate transaminase), Electrolytes, Troponin, and ABG (Arterial Blood Gas analyzer). The samples were collected from the OPD and IPD. The clinical Biochemistry is equipped with Vitros DTS 5600 and 7600, a dry test-based auto-analyzer. Results: In the present study, the mean and SD were observed in case of RFT TAT was 78 ±41, SGPT TAT was 103±54, Troponin TAT was 78±33, ABG test TAT was 15±12, Electrolytes TAT was 76 ± 42. Conclusion: In the present study, Evaluation of TAT of basic emergency parameters, which are common tests done in the laboratory. We noticed the major cause of delayed TAT time is pre-analytic steps. By improving the phlebotomy procedure, sample transport flow, and sample preparation steps, the TAT time can be improved significantly.
Copyright (c) 2025 Darshan Patel, Dinesh Sharma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Cytology’s New Frontier: The Sydney System’s Innovative Approach to Lymph Node Diagnosis
Background: FNAC is the first diagnostic step in patients with lymphadenopathy because of its simplicity and minimal invasive nature which helps to confirm the clinical suspicion. A definite specific diagnosis may not be possible in a few cases but a categorization of disease and differential diagnosis can help suggest the most efficient further investigations, saving time and resources. The aim of this study was to ascertain the system’s applicability and precision in the diagnosis of lymph node cytology. Material and methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study on lymph node cytology samples collected between January 2024 and June 2024, categorizing results into five groups (L1-L5) according to the Sydney System. Cytological findings were validated against histopathological results and relevant clinical data that prompted FNA procedures. Diagnostic performance was evaluated using metrics such as sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and malignancy risk estimates. Results: 60 cases were evaluated by FNAC. Out of this 44 were benign cases, 16 cases were of Reactive lymphadenitis, 24 cases of Granulomatous/Tuberculous lymphadenitis and 4 cases were of Acute suppurative lymphadenitis. Out of 16 malignant cases, 1 case was of Non Hodgkins lymphoma, 2 case was of Hodgkins lymphoma and 13 cases were of metastatic carcinoma. Conclusion: The Sydney system was used for clinicopathological diagnosis of patients presenting with lymphadenopathy and was found to be a reliable tool for evaluation of risk of malignancy and its subsequent management of the patient.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nidhi Choudhari, Meghashree V, Vidhya Subramaniam, Sudha M, Prajna K S https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Region and Rabies: A Review of Geographical Variations, Challenges and Strategies for Control
Rabies, one of the oldest known zoonotic diseases, continues to claim thousands of lives every year—despite being entirely preventable. It disproportionately affects populations in Asia and Africa, particularly in low-resource rural regions where dog-mediated transmission remains endemic. This review explores the interplay between regional contexts and rabies epidemiology, highlighting disparities in disease burden, surveillance capacity, vaccine access, health infrastructure, and cultural beliefs. It also outlines successful regional interventions, emphasizing the need for geographically tailored strategies. With the global “Zero by 30” goal in sight, addressing these regional dynamics is key to achieving equitable and sustainable rabies elimination.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bharti Koria https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
A Comparative Study of Orthogonal Versus Parallel Plating for Distal Humeral Fractures
Introduction: Fractures of the distal humerus are relatively common injuries, distal humerus fractures lead to significant burden on society due to its bimodal distribution with a peak in young males due to high energy trauma (road traffic accidents, fall from height, trauma to arm and gunshot wounds) and a other peak in older females usually by simple falls. There are several methods of fixation available, namely- plate fixation and external fixation. Out of which very commonly performed is plating. Material and Methods: A total of 40 patients distal humerus fractures were treated with dual plating between May 2022 and May 2024. Of these, 20 patients underwent orthogonal plating (Group A), while 20 patients were treated with parallel plating (Group B). Patients were selected based on specific inclusion criteria: age between 18-60 years, fractures of the distal humerus with intra condylar extension, closed fractures, non-compliant patients for conservative treatment, polytrauma patients, and those who refused conservative treatment. Exclusion criteria included patients younger than 18 or older than 60 years, fractures involving the shaft of the humerus, previous humeral surgery, pathological fractures, open fractures, and nerve palsy. This prospective study utilized a sample size of 40 patients, with Group A consisting of odd-numbered patients receiving orthogonal plating and Group B consisting of even-numbered patients receiving parallel plating. Results: Out of 20 operated cases of orthogonal plating, 18 patients had excellent, 2 patients had poor ASES score, whereas in parallel plating group 16 patients had excellent, 2 patients good, 2 patients poor American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, no post operative infections were noted, no non-union cases were noted, no significant difference in surgery time, blood loss, mean duration of hospital stay was noted. Conclusion: Both orthogonal plating and parallel plating had similar outcomes with respect to elbow function and early physiotherapy. No significant difference in surgery time, blood loss, mean duration of hospital stay were noted.
Copyright (c) 2025 Durga Prasad H N, Amit Sehgal, Chavi Sethi, Charu Thakur https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Effects of Language Barrier on Academic Performance of First Year Undergraduate Medical Students in Jamnagar
Background: Language proficiency plays a foundational role in the success of medical students, especially in multilingual countries like India, where students often come from diverse linguistic backgrounds. The transition from vernacular language-based schooling to English-medium medical education creates a significant challenge for first-year MBBS students. These students often struggle with understanding medical terminology, lectures and textbooks, all of which are primarily in English. This language barrier can impede their academic performance, communication skills and confidence, which are critical to becoming competent healthcare professionals. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the extent to which language barriers affect the academic performance of first-year MBBS students. Materials and Methods: This is an institution based cross-sectional study. Total 220 students participated in the study. A preformed questionnaire was given to the students. Result was obtained by the answers given by the students. Results: A total of 220 participants responded to the survey, including 118 (53.6%) males and 102 (46.4%) females. 160 (72.7%) of the total participants had studied in Gujarati medium, 16 (7.3%) of the total participants had studied in Hindi medium, while 44 (20%) of the total participants had studied in English medium. The majority 140 (63.7%) of the participants stated that they frequently used dictionaries for their studies and 80 (36.3%) did not use dictionaries. The results indicated that most participants, more specifically 110 (50%) medical students were neither comfortable nor uncomfortable (Neutral) with the English language, followed by 74 (33.6%) who were comfortable as opposed to 36 (16.4%) who were very uncomfortable. Conclusion: English Language Proficiency Program (ELPP) can be used at a level of medical colleges to increase the interest and academic performance of the students.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nileshwari Vala, I S Thianeswar, Kajal Gauswami https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Fibroepithelial Polyp in the Buccal Mucosa of a Libyan Patient: Case Report and Literature Review
Fibroepithelial polyp is one of the benign lesions of oral cavity which occurs as inflammatory response to local irritation or trauma. Clinically, patients with fibroepithelial polyps present as a painless pedunculated or sessile swelling. They can be treated by simple surgical excision or by other methods such as electrocautery or laser ablation. This is case report of a 48-year-old female who reported to the dental clinic with a soft to firm, painless pedunculated swelling in the left buccal mucosa. This patient underwent an excisional biopsy under local anesthesia. Histological examination confirmed the diagnosis of fibroepithelial polyp. In conclusion, fibroepithelial polyp should be kept as one of the differential diagnoses of benign soft tissue lesions of the oral cavity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Eman.A.B Aguori https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Evaluation of Complete Immunization Coverage and Effect of Migratory Factors on Immunization Coverage of Children Residing at Construction Sites in Rajkot City, Gujarat
Background: Immunization is one of the most effective public health interventions, yet children of migrant construction workers often remain under-immunized due to unique socio-demographic and logistical barriers. This study aimed to evaluate complete immunization coverage and examine the effect of migratory factors on immunization among children residing at construction sites in Rajkot city, Gujarat. Material and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019 in the field practice area of a community medicine department under Rajkot Municipal Corporation. A total of 244 children residing at construction sites were surveyed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data on sociodemographic, immunization status, and migration history were collected and analyzed using appropriate statistical tests. Results: Full immunization coverage among the study population was 39.75%, while complete immunization coverage was 30.33%. Zero-dose prevalence was 12.7%. A statistically significant association was observed between immunization coverage and factors such as gender (p=0.00), birth order (p=0.00), and number of migrations (p=0.00), while place of migration showed no significant effect (p=0.23). The most common barriers to immunization were parental unawareness about vaccination sites (33.20%) and schedules (23.77%), followed by fear of wage loss due to post-vaccination illness (19.67%). Conclusions: Children of migrant construction workers in Rajkot city have considerably lower immunization coverage compared to district and national averages. Strengthening mobile outreach, increasing parental awareness, flexible session timings, and introducing incentives to offset wage loss could significantly improve immunization uptake among this vulnerable population.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kshama Gajera, Harsha Solanki, Nilesh Fichadiya, Bhargav Dave https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
A Single-Center Case Series of Hereditary Ataxia from Gujarat: Clinical and Genetic Data
Background: Hereditary or genetic ataxia is a group of neurodegenerative conditions, characterized by progressive imbalance and ataxia, with convergent clinical profiles. Limited data on the prevalence and subtypes are available from Gujarat due to a lack of an ataxia registry or studies. Objective: To study clinical and genetic characteristics in patients with hereditary ataxia from Gujarat state. Material and Methods: This prospective observational study included and evaluated chronic cerebellar ataxia patients with suspected hereditary etiology. Based on the clinical findings, molecular analysis was performed using PCR-based trinucleotide repeat analysis for a single specific genotype, a selected panel, or a broader whole-exome sequencing method. Results: We identified 65 patients with possible genetic ataxia over 2 years. Forty-nine patients from this subgroup underwent genetic testing and obtained positive results in 29 patients. Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) type 2 was the most common type (31%) of Autosomal Dominant ataxia, and Friedreich’s ataxia (FA) was the most common Autosomal Recessive ataxia (13.8%). SCA patients had onset in the 2nd decade onwards and had strong positive family history, while FA patients had onset in the 1st decade. Clinical features were overlapping and nonspecific for the subtype of ataxia. Apart from incoordination, the most common clinical findings were eye signs, pyramidal tract involvement and peripheral neuropathy. Conclusion: Our Gujarat state cohort of hereditary ataxia resembles genotypic and clinical characteristic data from other studies in western India. We noted clinical phenotypic overlap in all subtypes of hereditary ataxia, which calls for molecular genetic testing for diagnosis.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pranav Joshi, Shalin Shah, Mukesh Sumra, Sudhir Shah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Pseudoangiomatous Stromal Hyperplasia in an Unmarried Female with Asymmetric Breasts
Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia (PASH) is a non-cancerous mesenchymal growth in the breast. It was first described by Vuitch, et al. in 1986 wherein it appeared as a palpable breast lump in a patient. Only around 109 cases had been documented by 2008. The etiology and pathogenesis of PASH are still unknown; however, there is some evidence suggesting PASH is hormone dependent. Herewith we present a case of 29 years old unmarried lady who presented to plastic surgery department of our hospital with complaint of painless, asymmetric breasts. Her mammography showed global dense asymmetrical breast parenchyma more in left breast compared to her right breast. Her PASH diagnosis was confirmed on gold standard test of histopathology.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bhushan M Warpe, Shweta S Joshi, Pooja P Pandey, Sai K Manchikalapudi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Capillary and Cavernous (Mixed) Type of Cervical Hemangioma with Uterine Adenomyosis in a 40-year-old Female
Hemangioma of the uterine cervix is an extremely rare benign vascular lesion and only a few sporadic cases have been reported. Cervical hemangioma is characterized by increase in the number of normal and abnormal veins. Histopathology examination is needed to diagnose hemangioma and to differentiate this disease with other pathological conditions. Hemangioma is a benign tumor which originates from endothelial cells of the blood vessels, which represent multipotent cellular elements, or from pericytes located on the outer side of the blood vessel wall. The majority of cervical hemangiomas have been reported in women of child bearing age.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shweta S Joshi, Bhushan M Warpe, Prachi S Patil, Bhumi Karodiya, Bhumika M Siddhpara https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
A Prescription Audit Utilizing the World Health Organization Recommended Key Medication Use Indicators at a Tertiary Care Hospital, India
Background: Inappropriate drug usage is a global health issue, particularly in developing nations like India. Irrational drug use has a negative impact on both health and medical expenses. Prescription auditing is a crucial method for raising the standard of prescriptions, which raises the standard of care provided. The current study was conducted to evaluate the rational use of pharmaceuticals for completeness, readability, and against the key drug use indicators specified by the World Health Organization (WHO). Material and methods: In the surgery department, 300 prescriptions were chosen at random from the medical records for a cross-sectional retrospective analysis, regardless of the patient's diagnosis or characteristics. The WHO core drug use indicators, medical components, and general information were assessed for each prescription. Using Microsoft Excel, the collected data were tallied and shown as descriptive statistics. SPSS version 25 was used for analysis. Results: General information is included with every prescription. 67 percent of prescriptions were written under a generic name, while 85.6% of prescriptions included the diagnosis. On average, 11.45 prescription drugs were written. In 53.8% of prescriptions, the clinical examination was mentioned; however, in 94% of prescriptions, the history of allergy was not included. Conclusion: According to WHO-recommended parameters for quality improvement, our study emphasises the necessity of providing our prescribing physicians with detailed prescription writing training.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shruti Singh, Nirav Nimavat, Diyesh Gohel, Nishi Sinha, Rajesh Kumar, Sunil Kumar Singh, Divya Harsha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
A Study to Evaluate the Role of High-Resolution Computed Tomography of Temporal Bone in Pre-Operative Assessment of Ossicular Chain Status in Chronic Otitis Media
Introduction Chronic otitis media (COM) is a prevalent condition that can lead to ossicular chain damage and hearing loss. High-resolution CT (HRCT) scans play a crucial role in assessing the extent of disease and ossicular chain status. This study aimed to evaluate the role of HRCT temporal bone in preoperative assessment of ossicular chain status in COM patients. Methods This prospective observational study included 62 patients with COM who underwent HRCT temporomastoid scans. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 47 patients were analyzed. HRCT scans were evaluated for malleus, incus, and stapes erosion. Surgical interventions were planned based on radiological findings and disease pathology. Results The majority of patients (83%) had squamosal COM, while 17% had mucosal COM. Incus erosion was most common (60%), followed by stapes superstructure erosion (21%). Malleus was relatively resistant to erosion (15%). Ossicular chain discontinuity was observed in 60% of cases. In squamosal COM, varying degrees of ossicular chain damage were seen, with only 15% of cases having an intact chain. Conclusion HRCT temporal bone is a valuable tool for preoperative assessment of ossicular chain status in COM patients. Squamosal COM is associated with a higher incidence of ossicular erosion, particularly incus and stapes. HRCT scans help plan surgical interventions and improve outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohan Kumar Mili, Prakash Patel, Sabrina Yasmin, Gayatri Goswami, Maitrayee Deb https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Clinico-Epidemiological Profile and Study of Influenza and Their Subtypes Among Suspected Influenza Patients in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital of Vadodara
Background: Influenza viruses cause significant respiratory illness, with seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics influenced by antigenic variation. Monitoring local prevalence and subtype distribution is vital for guiding public health responses. Material and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from March to December 2024. A total of 601 throat or nasopharyngeal swabs from suspected influenza cases were collected and tested using the PathoDetect™ multiplex real-time RT-PCR kit, which detects influenza A, B, and subtypes A(H1N1) and A(H3N2). Quality control included internal and external validation. Results: Overall positivity was 20.46%. The highest number of cases occurred in individuals >60 years, while the highest positivity rate was in children <10 years. Fever (78.86%) was the most common symptom; COPD (29.26%) was the leading comorbidity. Influenza A was predominant (92.97%), with H1N1 (53.90%) as the leading subtype, followed by H3N2 (8.59%). Two seasonal Peaks of H1N1 were observed in March–April and August–October. Five co-infections were detected: two with H1N1 and H3N2, and three involving Influenza B co-infected with H1N1, H3N2, and Untypable Influenza A. Conclusion: H1N1 is the dominant circulating strain. Findings highlight the need for continuous surveillance, timely diagnosis, and targeted vaccination. Broader community-based studies are recommended for comprehensive influenza control.
Influenza, H1N1, H3N2, Untypable Influenza
Copyright (c) 2025 Gulshan Chaudhary, Jigna Karia, Yash Khandelwal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0