Extracranial arterio-venous malformation presenting as a scalp swelling

Scalp AVM

Abstract

It is a challenge to diagnose and treat extracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) because of complex vascular malformations. AVMs are congenital vascular shunts with long standing expansion of vascular channels, collateralization of microcirculation and localized tissue infiltration. Even though the exact etiopathogenesis of AVMs remains undefined however newer genetic/molecular basis of the same are evolving. Any age can be affected by AVMs however it is seen to increase in dimension after an early period of inactivity. They may present at any age following an early quiescent period. Diagnosis is based on vascular staining, soft tissue expansions, progressive growth/ warmth and pulsations.